Material DensityMaterials

Materials & Density Reference

Compare selected density references and their mass-to-volume equivalents, with conditions and sources for each value. Browse all 50 materials in the conversion directory.

Material Density Table

Density relates mass to the volume it occupies. In kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m³), a lower density means the same mass occupies more space. These are selected reference values adopted by the Materials model.

The type column distinguishes material, bulk, apparent and grade-specific or engineering references. Composition, temperature and the volume convention can change the real value; review each material’s conditions.

20 selected references. Liter equivalents are displayed to at most four decimal places; calculations retain full precision. Displayed decimals do not indicate measurement accuracy.

On small screens, scroll inside each table to compare the density type and values. Material names stay in view.

Liquids 2 references

Liquids: adopted density and the equivalent volume of 1 kg.
Material	Density type	Adopted reference density (kg/m³)	1 kg → liters
Ethanol Conditions & source for Ethanol Material density. Reference density for anhydrous ethanol at 20 °C; not for diluted alcoholic drinks. temperature 20 °C concentration Anhydrous ethanol, ≥99.5%, 200 proof state Liquid Merck / Sigma-Aldrich — Ethanol 459836, anhydrous, 200 proof, ≥99.5%	Material density	789	1.2674
Water Conditions & source for Water Material density. Approximate density of air-free water at 25 °C, rounded to the nearest kg/m³. temperature 25 °C composition Air-free water NIST — NISTIR 7383 (2019), Selected Procedures for Volumetric Calibrations	Material density	997	1.003

Ice (solid water) 1 reference

Ice (solid water): adopted density and the equivalent volume of 1 kg.
Material	Density type	Adopted reference density (kg/m³)	1 kg → liters
Ice Conditions & source for Ice Material density. Approximate density of ice Ih at its normal-pressure melting point, rounded to the nearest kg/m³. temperature 273.152519 K pressure 101325 Pa state Hexagonal ice Ih, ordinary H2O IAPWS — R10-06(2009): Equation of State 2006 for H2O Ice Ih	Material density	917	1.0905

Fuels 2 references

Fuels: adopted density and the equivalent volume of 1 kg.
Material	Density type	Adopted reference density (kg/m³)	1 kg → liters
Diesel FuelNeste Futura Diesel DI-15/-25 Conditions & source for Diesel Fuel Grade-specific density. Representative diesel density at 15 °C; the cited range applies to Futura DI-15/-25. temperature 15 °C grade Neste Futura Diesel DI-15/-25 method EN ISO 12185 / 3675 Neste — Futura Diesel -15/-25, DI-15/-25, TDS 2023-01-01	Grade-specific density	832	1.2019
GasolineUnleaded gasoline 95, ORLEN Conditions & source for Gasoline Grade-specific density. Representative unleaded gasoline density at 15 °C, within the cited 95-octane specification. temperature 15 °C grade Unleaded gasoline 95, ORLEN method PN-EN ISO 3675 / 12185 ORLEN — Benzyna bezołowiowa 95: specification	Grade-specific density	745	1.3423

Oils and food liquids 2 references

Oils and food liquids: adopted density and the equivalent volume of 1 kg.
Material	Density type	Adopted reference density (kg/m³)	1 kg → liters
Olive Oil Conditions & source for Olive Oil Material density. Representative olive oil density at 20 °C; composition affects actual density. temperature Oil at 20 °C; reference water at 20 °C composition Virgin/refined olive oils in the cited standard FAO / Codex Alimentarius — Codex standards for fats and oils: archived compilation NIST — NISTIR 7383 (2019), Selected Procedures for Volumetric Calibrations Historical specification; relative density is not g/ml.	Material density	910	1.0989
Whole Milk Conditions & source for Whole Milk Material density. Representative whole-milk density at 20 °C; fat and other solids affect density. temperature 20 °C composition Milk; fat and solids-not-fat vary University of Guelph — Physical Properties of Milk	Material density	1,030	0.9709

Construction materials 2 references

Construction materials: adopted density and the equivalent volume of 1 kg.
Material	Density type	Adopted reference density (kg/m³)	1 kg → liters
BrickSmoked Branco example; frogged, 20% voids Conditions & source for Brick Apparent density. Representative gross dry density of fired-clay brick, including product voids; brick types vary. state Fired-clay brick, gross dry volume grade Smoked Branco example; frogged, 20% voids method EN 771-1, density tolerance category D1 Wienerberger — Smoked Branco technical specification Product example, not clay-particle density or a universal brick specification.	Apparent density	1,800	0.5556
Concrete Conditions & source for Concrete Bulk density. Representative bulk density for concrete; mix and void content affect actual density. state Concrete, bulk volume method Engineering bulk-density case in thermal-property table The Concrete Society — U-values: bulk density and thermal conductivity Also lists 2000 and 2200 cases, not a certified continuous density interval; temperature is not stated for density.	Bulk density	2,400	0.4167

Stone and glass 1 reference

Stone and glass: adopted density and the equivalent volume of 1 kg.
Material	Density type	Adopted reference density (kg/m³)	1 kg → liters
Glass Conditions & source for Glass Material density. Reference density for soda-lime-silica float glass; other glass compositions differ. composition Soda-lime-silica float glass Pilkington — ATS-129: Properties of Soda-Lime-Silica Float Glass, 04/2025 Density temperature not specified; temperatures on thermal properties do not apply to this entry.	Material density	2,500	0.4

Polymers and elastomers 1 reference

Polymers and elastomers: adopted density and the equivalent volume of 1 kg.
Material	Density type	Adopted reference density (kg/m³)	1 kg → liters
Plastic (HDPE)HDPE FI0750 resin for blown film Conditions & source for Plastic (HDPE) Grade-specific density. Representative HDPE material density, supported by the FI0750 grade; grades vary. grade HDPE FI0750 resin for blown film SABIC — Polymers product portfolio: HDPE blown film Density temperature not stated; melt-flow test temperature must not be reused as density temperature.	Grade-specific density	950	1.0526

Elemental metals 6 references

Elemental metals: adopted density and the equivalent volume of 1 kg.
Material	Density type	Adopted reference density (kg/m³)	1 kg → liters
Aluminum Conditions & source for Aluminum Material density. Representative room-temperature density of elemental aluminium; not an alloy value. temperature Room temperature (density glossary) composition Elemental aluminium Royal Society of Chemistry — Periodic Table: aluminium No purity percentage or exact density temperature supplied.	Material density	2,700	0.3704
Copper Conditions & source for Copper Material density. Representative room-temperature density of elemental copper; not an alloy value. temperature Room temperature (density glossary) composition Elemental copper Royal Society of Chemistry — Periodic Table: copper No purity percentage or exact density temperature supplied.	Material density	8,960	0.1116
Gold Conditions & source for Gold Material density. Representative room-temperature density of elemental gold; not an alloy value. temperature Room temperature (density glossary) composition Elemental gold Royal Society of Chemistry — Periodic Table: gold No purity percentage or exact density temperature supplied.	Material density	19,320	0.0518
Lead Conditions & source for Lead Material density. Representative room-temperature density of elemental lead; not an alloy value. temperature Room temperature (density glossary) composition Elemental lead Royal Society of Chemistry — Periodic Table: lead No purity percentage or exact density temperature supplied.	Material density	11,340	0.0882
Nickel Conditions & source for Nickel Material density. Representative room-temperature density of elemental nickel; not an alloy value. temperature Room temperature (density glossary) composition Elemental nickel Royal Society of Chemistry — Periodic Table: nickel No purity percentage or exact density temperature supplied.	Material density	8,900	0.1124
Silver Conditions & source for Silver Material density. Representative room-temperature density of elemental silver; not an alloy value. temperature Room temperature (density glossary) composition Elemental silver Royal Society of Chemistry — Periodic Table: silver No purity percentage or exact density temperature supplied.	Material density	10,490	0.0953

Alloys 3 references

Alloys: adopted density and the equivalent volume of 1 kg.
Material	Density type	Adopted reference density (kg/m³)	1 kg → liters
BronzeB16 / CuSn6 / C51900 Conditions & source for Bronze Grade-specific density. Representative bronze density for CuSn6 at room temperature; other bronze alloys differ. temperature Room temperature grade B16 / CuSn6 / C51900 composition 6% Sn, remainder Cu Wieland — B16: CuSn6 / C51900 / CW452K, 06/2021	Grade-specific density	8,800	0.1136
Cast IronDura-Bar gray cast iron Conditions & source for Cast Iron Grade-specific density. Representative gray cast iron density; ductile iron and other grades differ. grade Dura-Bar gray cast iron Dura-Bar — Density technical brief, 02/2019 Ductile iron has a separate 0.255 lb/in³ value; temperature not stated.	Grade-specific density	7,200	0.1389
Steel (Carbon)Structural steel engineering model Conditions & source for Steel (Carbon) Engineering reference. Nominal density adopted for structural steel calculations; an engineering reference value. grade Structural steel engineering model method Constant density assumption in structural fire design European Commission JRC — Structural Fire Design — Worked Examples (2014), EUR 26698 EN A design assumption, not evidence that physical density is invariant with temperature.	Engineering reference	7,850	0.1274

How Density Affects Mass-to-Volume Conversions

volume = mass ÷ density

With mass in kilograms and density in kg/m³, the result is in cubic meters. Multiply that volume by 1,000 to express it in liters. The table uses one kilogram for every material, so you can compare equivalent volumes on the stated reference basis.

Open a material’s converter to calculate another amount. A bulk reference includes space within the material’s bulk volume; it must not be substituted for the density of its solid particles.

Understanding Material, Bulk and Apparent Density

Material density: A mass-to-volume reference for the identified material and conditions, such as liquid water or an elemental metal.
Bulk density: Uses a bulk volume that includes voids. Packing, compaction and moisture can affect the reference; it is not the density of the solid particles alone.
Apparent density: Depends on the stated volume convention. The brick reference uses gross dry product volume, including its voids.
Grade-specific density: Applies to a defined alloy, formulation or product context. A representative grade does not establish one density for the entire material family.
Engineering reference: A nominal value adopted for a calculation model. It does not imply that physical density stays constant under every condition.

Read the conditions and source for the scope of each value. The conversion methodology explains how adopted references are used.

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All 50 materials available for conversion tools. The comparative reference above is a selected set with documented conditions and sources; this directory keeps the complete catalog.

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Material Density Table

Liquids 2 references

Ice (solid water) 1 reference

Fuels 2 references

Oils and food liquids 2 references

Construction materials 2 references

Stone and glass 1 reference

Polymers and elastomers 1 reference

Elemental metals 6 references

Alloys 3 references

How Density Affects Mass-to-Volume Conversions

Understanding Material, Bulk and Apparent Density

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